Từ vựng và ngữ pháp Tiếng Anh lớp 10 - Bài Gender equality

1

Unit 6 – GENDER EQUALITY

A. Grammar – Passive Voice

The passive is formed with the appropriate tense of the verb to be + past participle (V3/ed). Only transitive verbs (verbs which take an object) can be put into the passive.

 Get is used in colloquial English instead of be to express something happening by

accident. She’ll get fined if she goes on driving like that.

Usage The passive is used

a) when the person who performs the action (agent) is unknown, unimportant or obvious. Her flat was broken into yesterday. (by a burglar - obvious agent)

b) to emphasise the agent. Her wedding dress was delivered to her by the dressmaker herself yesterday.

c) to make statements more formal or polite. My dress has been ruined. (more polite than saying “You have ruined my dress.")

d) when we are more interested in the action than the agent, such as in news reports, formal notices, instructions, processes, headlines, advertisements, etc. The meeting will be held tomorrow.

Changing from Active into Passive

The Passive Voice with Modals

Active Voice Passive Voice

Rule Modal + V Modal + be + past participle

Example They may build a new bridge A new bridge may be built

2

 By + agent : who or what did the action.

She was knocked down by a car.  With + instrument/material : what the agent used; after past participles such as

coloured, crammed, crowded, filled, flavoured, packed, etc. She was injured with a hammer.  By + agent is omitted when the agent is unknown, unimportant, obvious from the

context or referred to by words such as: someone, people, I, etc. They revealed the truth. → The truth was revealed. (by them is omitted)

Notes about some verbs

 When modal verbs are used in passive voice, they affect the meaning of the actions.

Pencils must be used to write this exam. (It is obliged that you use pencils and not any other writing tools.) Pencils should be used to write this exam. (You don’t have to use pencils, but they are recommended.)

 Verbs which take two objects (give, offer, etc) form their passive in two ways; it is

more usual to start the sentence with the animate (person) object. They offered Ann a bunch of flowers. → Ann was offered a bunch of flowers. (more usual than: A bunch of flowers was offered to Ann.)

 Verbs followed by a preposition (accuse of, take down, etc)

She took down the minutes of the meeting. → The minutes of the meeting were taken down.

 In passive questions with who, whom or which we do not omit by.

Who gave you this information? → Who were you given this information by?

 Hear, help, make, see are followed by a to-infinitive in the passive.

She made me work overtime. → I was made to work overtime.

 Note that hear, see, watch can be followed by a present participle (V-ing) in the active

and passive. We saw her crying. → She was seen crying.

 The verbs believe, expect, feel, hope, know, report, say, think, etc are used in the

following passive patterns. The police report that she is in France. ✓ subject (person) + passive verb + to infinitive → She is reported to be in France. ✓ it + passive verb + that-clause → It is reported that she is in France. If the action happened in the past: The police report that she was in France. ✓ subject (person) + passive verb + to have past participle → She is reported to have been in France.

B. Vocabulary

WORD MEANING FAMILY WORDS /

COLLOCATION address (v.) /əˈdres/

giải quyết

address (n.)

affect (v.) ảnh hưởng effect (n.)