Sách Giáo Khoa Hóa Học Lớp 10 - Sách Hóa học 10 nâng cao

BO GIAO DUC VA DAO TAO

NGUYfiN XUAN TRUONG (Tdng Chu bien kiem Chu bien) NGUYfeN DUC CHUY - LE MAU QUYEN - LE X U A N TRONG

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N H A X U A T B A N G I A O DUC VIET NAIVl

Chiu trach nhiem xuai ban . Chu tich HDQT kiem Tong Giam doc NGO IRAN Al

Pho Tdng Giam doc kiem Tong bien tap NGUYEN QUY THAO

Bien tap lan dau : PHUNG PHLfONG LI^N - N G U Y I N THANH GIANG

Bien tap tai ban : HOANG KIEU TRANG

Bien t$p mT thuat: N G U Y I N HONG VY

Thiet ke sach : PHAN Hl/ONG

Minh hoa va trinh bay bia : PHAN HUONG

SCra ban in HOANG KIEU TRANG

Che ban : CONG TY CO PHAN Ml THUAT VA TRUYEN THONG

Ban quyen thuoc Nha xuat ban Giao due Viet Nam - Bo Giao due va Dao tao

Trong sach co sCf dung mpt sd hinh anh minh hoa lay ti/ sach nudc ngoai.

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Ma so : CH007T1

In 100.000 cuon, (ST) kho 17 x 24cnn, In tai Cong ty TNHH mpt thanh vien In & Van hoa pham. So in: 176/11. SoXB : 01-2011/CXB/113-1235/GD. In xong va nop li/u chieu thang 1 nam 2011.

Chuang MOmiM

^ Nguyen td cd ciu tao nhtr thi nao, tao nen tu nhiing hat gi ? Kich thudc, khdi lugng, dien tich cua chung ra sao ?

• Hat nhan nguyen tu dugc tao nen td nhiing hat nao ?

^ cdu tao vo nguyen td nhu thi nao ? Mdi hen he giOa ciu tao nguyen td va tinh chit cua cac nguyen td.

id phan Ung hat ntian tai Vien Nghien cCiu hat nhan, thdnh phd Bit Lat (tinh Lam Ddng)

• Bai LL

THANH PHAN NGUYEN TL/

• Nguyen tu co kfeh thuac, khoi lugng va thanh phan ca'u tao

nhu the nao ?

• Kich thuac, khoi lugng va dien ti'ch cua cac hat tao thanh nguyen tu la bao nhieu ?

Hinh 1.1. Tugng De-mo-crit (Democritus) Hinh 1.2. Odng tien bang bae thdi De-mo-crit

Vao khoang nam 440 trade Cong Nguyen, nha triet hoc De-m6-crit cho rhng dong tien bae bl chia nho mai, sau cung se dugc mot hat "khong thS phan chia dugc nita", goi la nguyen td (xuat phat tU chUHi Lap atomos, nghfa la "khong chia nho han dugc nCta"). Ngay nay, ngudi ta co the phan chia dugc cac nguyen tCt bae nhang cac hgp phan thu dugc khong con giO nguyen tinh chat cua bae nOa.

Cho de'n tan giOa the' ki XIX, ngu6i ta vSn cho rang : Cac chat deu duoc tao nen tit nhiing hat cue ki nho be khong the phan chia duoc niia, goi la nguyen tu. Nhiing cong trinh thuc nghiem vao cuoi the' ki XIX, dau the ki XX da chung minh nguyen tir co that va co cau tao phiic tap.

I - THANH PHAN CAU TAG CUA NGUYEN TL/

1. Electron

a) Su tim ra electron Nam 1897, nha bae hoc ngudi Anh Tom-xofn (J.J. Thomson) nghien ciiu su phong dien giiia hai dien cue co hieu dien the 15 kV, dat trong mot 6'ng gan nhu

Tam kim loai tich dien lam thay doi ducfng di cua chum tia

chan khong (ap sua't khoang 0,001 mmHg) va tha'y man huynh quang trong dng phat sang do nhiing tia phat ra tii cue am va duoe goi la tia am cue. Tia am cue eo cae dac tinh sau :

- Tren duong di cua no, ne'u ta dat mot chong chong nhe thi chong chong bi quay. Dieu do cho thay tia am cue la chiim hat vat cha't CO khdi lugng va ehuyen dong vdi van tdc ldn.

- Khi khdng cd tac dung ciia dien trudng va ttr trudng thi tia am cue truyen thang.

- Khi cho tia am cue di vao giiia hai ban dien cue mang dien tich trai dau, tia am cue lech ve phia cue duong. Dieu dd chung to tia am cue la ehiim hat mang dien tich am (hinh 1.3).

NLIUOI ta iio\ nhuim hat tao ihaiiii lia am cue la cac election, ki hieu la e.

I5kv Man huynh quang

Hinh 1.3. So cfo thi nghiem cua Tom-xan phat hien ra tia am cue

b) Khoi lugng vd dien tich cua electron

Bang thuc nghiem, ngudi ta da xae dinh dugc khdi lugng va dien tich ciia electron.

Khdi lugng : m^ = 9,1094. IQ-^' kg.

Dien tich : q^ ^ -1,602. lO^'^ C (culdng).

Ngudi ta chua phat hien dugc dien tieh nao nhd hon 1,602.10"^^ C nen nd dugc diing lam ien iieli dun \ i, ki hieu la . Do dd, dien tieh ciia electron dugc

ki hieu la - e^^ va quy udc bang 1 -.

2. Sir tim ra hat nhan nguyen tir

Nam 1911, nha vat li ngudi Anh Ro-do-pho (E.Rutherford) va cac cdng su da eho cac hat a''* ban pha mdt la vang mdng va dung man huynh …