Bài 5.26 trang 124

Đề bài

Tìm giới hạn của các dãy số sau:

a) \({u_n} = \frac{{{n^2}}}{{3{n^2} + 7n - 2}}\);                 

b) \({v_n} = \mathop \sum \limits_{k = 0}^n \frac{{{3^k} + {5^k}}}{{{6^k}}}\);            

c) \({w_n} = \frac{{\sin n}}{{4n}}\)

Lời giải chi tiết

a) \(\lim {u_n} = \lim \frac{{{n^2}}}{{3{n^2} + 7n - 2}} = \lim \left( {\frac{1}{{3 + \frac{7}{n} - \frac{2}{{{n^2}}}}}} \right) = \frac{1}{3}\)

b,

\(\begin{array}{l}{v_n} = \mathop \sum \limits_{k = 0}^n \frac{{{3^k} + {5^k}}}{{{6^k}}} = \frac{{{3^0} + {5^0}}}{{{6^0}}} + \frac{{{3^1} + {5^1}}}{{{6^1}}} + ... + \frac{{{3^n} + {5^n}}}{{{6^n}}}\\ = \frac{{{3^0}}}{{{6^0}}} + \frac{{{5^0}}}{{{6^0}}} + \frac{{{3^1}}}{{{6^1}}} + \frac{{{5^1}}}{{{6^1}}} + ... + \frac{{{3^n}}}{{{6^n}}} + \frac{{{5^n}}}{{{6^n}}}\\ = \left[ {\left( {\frac{{{3^0}}}{{{6^0}}} + \frac{{{3^1}}}{{{6^1}}} + ... + \frac{{{3^n}}}{{{6^n}}}} \right)} \right] + \left[ {\left( {\frac{{{5^0}}}{{{6^0}}} + \frac{{{5^1}}}{{{6^1}}} + ... + \frac{{{5^n}}}{{{6^n}}}} \right)} \right]\end{array}\)

Vì \(\frac{{{3^0}}}{{{6^0}}};\frac{{{3^1}}}{{{6^1}}};...;\frac{{{3^n}}}{{{6^n}}}\) là cấp số nhân có \(\left( {n + 1} \right)\) số hạng  với \({u_1} = \frac{{{3^0}}}{{{6^0}}} = 1,\,q = \frac{3}{6} = \frac{1}{2}\). Do đó:

\(\frac{{{3^0}}}{{{6^0}}} + \frac{{{3^1}}}{{{6^1}}} + ... + \frac{{{3^n}}}{{{6^n}}} = 1.\frac{{1 - {{\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)}^{n + 1}}}}{{1 - \frac{1}{2}}} = 2 - 2.{\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)^{n + 1}} = 2 - {\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)^n}\)

Vì \(\frac{{{5^0}}}{{{6^0}}};\frac{{{5^1}}}{{{6^1}}};...;\frac{{{5^n}}}{{{6^n}}}\) là cấp số nhân có \(\left( {n + 1} \right)\) số hạng  với \({u_1} = \frac{{{5^0}}}{{{6^0}}} = 1,\,q = \frac{5}{6}\). Do đó:

\(\frac{{{5^0}}}{{{6^0}}} + \frac{{{5^1}}}{{{6^1}}} + ... + \frac{{{5^n}}}{{{6^n}}} = 1.\frac{{1 - {{\left( {\frac{5}{6}} \right)}^{n + 1}}}}{{1 - \frac{5}{6}}} = 6 - 6.{\left( {\frac{5}{6}} \right)^{n + 1}} = 6 - 5.{\left( {\frac{5}{6}} \right)^n}\)

Vậy \({v_n} = 2 - {\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)^n} + 6 - 5.{\left( {\frac{5}{6}} \right)^n} = 8 - {\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)^n} - 5.{\left( {\frac{5}{6}} \right)^n}\)

Do đó, \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to  + \infty } {v_n} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to  + \infty } \left[ {8 - {{\left( {\frac{1}{2}} \right)}^n} - 5.{{\left( {\frac{5}{6}} \right)}^n}} \right] = 8\).

c, Ta có:

\(0 \le \left| {\sin n} \right| \le 1 \Leftrightarrow 0 \le \left| {\frac{{\sin n}}{{4n}}} \right| \le \frac{1}{{4n}}\)

Mà \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to  + \infty } \frac{1}{{4n}} = 0\) nên theo nguyên lý kẹp \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to  + \infty } \left| {\frac{{\sin n}}{{4n}}} \right| = 0\)